Pharmaceutical composition comprising eicosapentaenoic acid and derivatives thereof and a statin

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to, inter alia, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a polyunsaturated fatty acid and a statin and to methods of using the same to treat or prevent cardiovascular-related diseases.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/213,553 filed Mar. 14, 2014, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/798,126 filed Mar. 15, 2013, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference and relied upon.

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and most European countries. It is estimated that over 70 million people in the United States alone suffer from a cardiovascular disease or disorder including but not limited to high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, congestive heart failure and stroke. A need exists for improved treatments for cardiovascular diseases and disorders.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fatty acid component (e.g., ethyl eicosapentaenoate) and a statin (e.g., atorvastatin, rosuvastatin or simvastatin). In one embodiment, the fatty acid component and the statin are present in a same dosage unit. In another embodiment, the fatty acid component is present in a capsule and the statin is present on an exterior surface of the capsule wall. In some embodiments, the statin is sprayed, coated or layered on to an exterior surface of the capsule shell.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising fatty acid component encapsulated in a capsule shell and a statin dispersed in the fatty acid component. In one embodiment the statin is formed into a solid dosage unit such as a capsule that is dispersed in the fatty acid component. In some embodiments, the solid dosage unit comprising the statin is selected such that it does not substantially disintegrate or dissolve inside the capsule until after oral administration to a subject.

In any embodiment disclosed herein, the fatty acid component may comprise at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95% or at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids present, EPA or derivative thereof such as ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In any embodiment disclosed herein, the pharmaceutical composition can include not more than about 10%, not more than about 4%, not more than about 5% or substantially no DHA or esters thereof, by weight of all fatty acids present.

In still other embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing a cardiovascular-related disease using compositions as described herein.

These and other embodiments of the present invention will be disclosed in further detail herein below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows day 14 mean total plasma EPA vs. time data.

FIG. 2 shows day 14 mean plasma rosuvastatin vs. time data.

FIG. 3 shows EPA and rosuvastatin summary AUC_(0-tau) results.

FIG. 4 shows EPA and rosuvastatin summary C_(max) results.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the present invention is capable of being embodied in various forms, the description below of several embodiments is made with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments illustrated. Headings are provided for convenience only and are not to be construed to limit the invention in any manner. Embodiments illustrated under any heading may be combined with embodiments illustrated under any other heading.

The use of numerical values in the various quantitative values specified in this application, unless expressly indicated otherwise, are stated as approximations as though the minimum and maximum values within the stated ranges were both preceded by the word “about.” In this manner, slight variations from a stated value can be used to achieve substantially the same results as the stated value. Also, the disclosure of ranges is intended as a continuous range including every value between the minimum and maximum values recited as well as any ranges that can be formed by such values. Also disclosed herein are any and all ratios (and ranges of any such ratios) that can be formed by dividing a recited numeric value into any other recited numeric value. Accordingly, the skilled person will appreciate that many such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios can be unambiguously derived from the numerical values presented herein and in all instances such ratios, ranges, and ranges of ratios represent various embodiments of the present invention.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise a fatty acid component or a polyunsaturated fatty acid as an active ingredient. In another embodiment, compositions of the invention comprise EPA as an active ingredient. The term “EPA” as used herein refers to eicosapentaenoic acid (e.g. eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, derivative, conjugate or salt thereof, or mixtures of any of the foregoing.

In one embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid. In another embodiment, the EPA is in the form of an eicosapentaenoic acid ester. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises a C₁-C₅ alkyl ester of EPA. In another embodiment, the EPA comprises eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester, eicosapentaenoic acid propyl ester, or eicosapentaenoic acid butyl ester. In still another embodiment, the EPA comprises all-cis eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid ethyl ester.

In still other embodiments, the EPA comprises ethyl-EPA, lithium EPA, mono, di- or triglyceride EPA or any other ester or salt of EPA, or the free acid form of EPA. The EPA may also be in the form of a 2-substituted derivative or other derivative which slows down its rate of oxidation but does not otherwise change its biological action to any substantial degree.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” in the present context means that the substance in question does not produce unacceptable toxicity to the subject or interaction with other components of the composition.

In other embodiments, EPA is present in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 50 mg to about 5000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1125 mg, about 1150 mg, about 1175 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, or about 5000 mg.

In various embodiments, one or more antioxidants can be present in the fatty acid component (e.g. E-EPA). Non-limiting examples of suitable antioxidants include tocopherol, lecithin, citric acid and/or ascorbic acid. One or more antioxidants, if desired, are typically present in the fatty acid component in an amount of about 0.01% to about 0.1%, by weight, or about 0.025% to about 0.05%, by weight.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention contains not more than about 30%, not more than about 20%, not more than about 10%, not more than about 9%, not more than about 8%, not more than about 7%, not more than about 6%, not more than about 5%, not more than about 4%, not more than about 3%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1%, or not more than about 0.5%, docosahexaenoic acid or derivative thereof such as E-DHA, if any, by weight of total fatty acids. In another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains substantially no docosahexaenoic acid or derivative thereof such as E-DHA. In still another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains no docosahexaenoic acid or E-DHA.

In another embodiment, EPA represents at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or 100%, by weight of all fatty acids, present in a composition of the invention.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention contains less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%, less than 0.5% or less than 0.25%, by weight of the total composition or by weight of the total fatty acid content, of any fatty acid other than EPA, or derivative thereof. Illustrative examples of a “fatty acid other than EPA” include linolenic acid (LA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid (AA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-AA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-ALA, stearadonic acid (STA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-SA, eicosatrienoic acid (ETA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-ETA and/or docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DPA.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention has one or more of the following features: (a) eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester represents at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98%, by weight, of all fatty acids present in the composition; (b) the composition contains not more than 4%, not more than 3%, or not more than 2%, by weight, of total fatty acids other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (c) the composition contains not more than 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, or 0.4% of any individual fatty acid other than eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester; (d) the composition has a refractive index (20° C.) of about 1 to about 2, about 1.2 to about 1.8 or about 1.4 to about 1.5; (e) the composition has a specific gravity (20° C.) of about 0.8 to about 1.0, about 0.85 to about 0.95 or about 0.9 to about 0.92; (f) the composition contains not more than 20 ppm, 15 ppm or 10 ppm heavy metals, (g) the composition contains not more than 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, or 2 ppm arsenic, and/or (h) the composition has a peroxide value not more than 5, 4, 3, or 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, a composition useful in accordance with the invention comprises, consists essentially of or consists of at least 95% by weight ethyl eicosapentaenoate (EPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate (ODTA-E), about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate (NDPA-E), about 0.2% to about 0.45% by weight ethyl arachidonate (AA-E), about 0.3% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate (ETA-E), and about 0.05% to about 0.32% ethyl heneicosapentaenoate (HPA-E). In another embodiment, the composition is present in a capsule shell. In still another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of at least 95%, 96% or 97%, by weight, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.05% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.2% to about 0.45% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.5% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.05% to about 0.32% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than about 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, about 500 mg to about 1 g of the composition is provided in a capsule shell. In another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of at least about 95% by weight ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.22% to about 0.4% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.075% to about 0.20% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.40% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.3% to about 0.4% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate and about 0.075% to about 0.25% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than about 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage unit comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell. In one embodiment, the dosage unit is a gel- or liquid-containing capsule and is packaged in blister packages of about 1 to about 20 capsules per sheet.

In another embodiment, compositions useful in accordance with the invention comprise, consist essentially of or consist of at least 96%, 97% or 98%, by weight, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.38% by weight ethyl octadecatetraenoate, about 0.10% to about 0.15% by weight ethyl nonadecapentaenoate, about 0.25% to about 0.35% by weight ethyl arachidonate, about 0.31% to about 0.38% by weight ethyl eicosatetraenoate, and about 0.08% to about 0.20% by weight ethyl heneicosapentaenoate. Optionally, the composition contains not more than about 0.06%, about 0.05%, or about 0.04%, by weight, DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. In one embodiment the composition contains substantially no or no amount of DHA or derivative thereof such as ethyl-DHA. The composition further optionally comprises one or more antioxidants (e.g. tocopherol) in an amount of not more than about 0.5% or not more than about 0.05%. In another embodiment, the composition comprises about 0.05% to about 0.4%, for example about 0.2% by weight tocopherol. In another embodiment, the invention provides a dosage unit comprising about 500 mg to about 1 g of the foregoing composition in a capsule shell. In another embodiment, the capsule shell contains no chemically modified gelatin.

In various embodiments, capsule shells suitable for use in the present invention comprise one or more film-forming materials, one or more plasticizers and optionally a solvent (e.g. water). In a related embodiment, the film-forming material comprises gelatin. In another embodiment, the plasticizer comprises a hygroscopic and/or non-hygroscopic plasticizer. In still another embodiment, the capsule shell comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer, a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and a solvent.

In another embodiment, the capsule shell comprises about 30% to about 70% or about 40% to about 65%, by weight, of a film-forming material, about 15% to about 40% or about 20% to about 35%, by weight, of one or more plasticizers, and about 3% to about 15% or about 5% to about 10%, by weight, solvent such as water. Optionally, the capsules may also contain additives such as colorants, flavorants, preservatives, disintegrants, surfactants, fragrances, sweeteners, etc.

Capsules suitable for use in various embodiments of the invention comprise a film-forming material, for example gelatin. Gelatin is typically manufactured from animal byproducts that contain collagen, for example in the bones, skin, and connective tissue. Methods of producing gelatin from animal byproducts are well-known in the art. In various embodiments, the gelatin may be alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, chemically modified gelatin, or mixtures thereof. Methods to produce alkali-treated gelatin, acid-treated gelatin, and chemically modified gelatin are known in the art and are described, for example in Nakamura et al., U.S. 2003/0195246, hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The film-forming material may also comprise, for example, non-animal based hydrocolloids such as carrageenan, alkylated or hydroxyalkylated cellulose ethers, starch, alpha-starch, hydroxyalkyl starch, sodiuim alginate, sodium salt of a gelatin copolymer and acrylic acid.

In another embodiment, the film-forming material can comprise a 20:80 to about 80:20, by weight, mixture, for example a 60:40, by weight mixture of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (e.g. about 70% to about 90%, for example about 88.0% saponified; and about 30 to about 50, for example about 45.0 centipoise viscosity). In another embodiment, the film-forming material can comprise a 20:80 to about 80:20, by weight, mixture, for example a 60:40, by weight, mixture of hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol (e.g. about 70% to about 99.9%, for example about 98.5% saponified; and about 2 to about 30, for example about 5.5 centipoise viscosity).

A suitable capsule shell may further comprise an elasticity reducing gel extender as part of the film-forming material. An elasticity reducing gel extender can comprise starch, starch derivatives such as high amylose starch, oxidized starch, esterified starch, acid-thinned starch, etherified starch, hydrolyzed starch, hydrolyzed and hydrogenated starch, enzyme treated starch, and modified celluloses or other natural or modified natural biopolymers such as bacterial polysaccharides, vegetable gums, or other exudates including alginates, carrageenans, guar gum, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya, gum tragacanth, pectins, tamarind gum, xanthan gum, and dextrans as well as synthetic polymers such as carbon chain polymers of the vinyl and acrylic types as well as heterochains of the polyoxide and polyamine types including polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyoxymethylene, polytrimethylene oxide, block copolymers of ethylene oxide, block copolymers of polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl methyl ether, polyethylene imine, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylamide, poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide), poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-Acrylylglycinamide), poly(N-Methyacrylyglycinamide), acrylic copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol polyvinylacetate, polyvinyl acetate-co-vinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, N-Methylpyrrolidone, N-Ethylpyrrolidone, N-Vinylpyrrolidone, sarcosine anhydride, polyvinyloxazolindone, and polyvinylmethyloxazolidone. The starch or other elasticity reducing gel extender may be added into the formulation in amounts ranging from about 8% to about 30% by weight, for example about 10% to about 16%, by weight.

Capsule shells suitable for use in various embodiments of the invention can comprise one or more plasticizers, for example hygroscopic and/or non-hygroscopic plasticizers. Non-limiting examples of suitable hygroscopic plasticizers include glycerin, sorbitol and alkylene glycols (e.g., propylene glycol and low molecular weight polyethylene glycols). Non-limiting examples of suitable non-hygroscopic plasticizers include partially dehydrated hydrogenated glucose syrup, maltitol, maltose, lactitol, xylitol, erythritol and polyethylene glycols of average molecular weights from about 400 to about 6000.

In one embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in a composition of the invention has a hygroscopic plasticizer to non-hygroscopic plasticizer weight ratio of about 1:1 to about 8:1, about 2:1 to about 6:1, about 3:1 to about 5:1, for example about 4:1, about 4.25:1, about 4.5:1 or about 4.75:1.

In another embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in a composition of the invention has a gelatin to glycerol weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1, about 3.5:1 to about 9:1, about 4:1 to about 8:1, or about 5:1 to about 7:1, for example at least about 2.6:1, at least about 2.7:1, at least about 2.8:1, at least about 2.9:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 3.1:1, at least about 3.2:1, at least about 3.3:1, at least about 3.4:1, at least about 3.5:1, at least about 3.6:1, at least about 3.7:1, at least about 3.8:1, at least about 3.9:1, at least about 4.0:1, at least about 4.1:1, at least about 4.2:1, at least about 4.3:1, at least about 4.4:1, at least about 4.5:1, at least about 4.6:1, at least about 4.7:1, at least about 4.8:1, at least about 4.9:1, at least about 5.0:1, at least about 5.1:1, or at least about 5.2:1.

In another embodiment, a suitable capsule shell has a film-forming material (e.g. gelatin) to total plasticizer weight ratio of about 1.75 to about 5, about 1.78 to about 3, or about 1.8 to about 2.5, for example at least about 1.76, at least about 1.77, at least about 1.78, at least about 1.79, at least about 1.8, at least about 1.81, at least about 1.82, at least about 1.83, or at least about 1.84.

In another embodiment, the capsule shell has: (1) a gelatin to glycerol weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1, about 3.5:1 to about 9:1, about 4:1 to about 8:1, or about 5:1 to about 7:1, for example at least about 2.6:1, at least about 2.7:1, at least about 2.8:1, at least about 2.9:1, at least about 3:1, at least about 3.1:1, at least about 3.2:1, at least about 3.3:1, at least about 3.4:1, at least about 3.5:1, at least about 3.6:1, at least about 3.7:1, at least about 3.8:1, at least about 3.9:1, at least about 4.0:1, at least about 4.1:1, at least about 4.2:1, at least about 4.3:1, at least about 4.4:1, at least about 4.5:1, at least about 4.6:1, at least about 4.7:1, at least about 4.8:1, at least about 4.9:1, at least about 5.0:1, at least about 5.1:1, or at least about 5.2:1; and/or (2) a gelatin to total plasticizer weight ratio of about 1.75:1 to about 5:1, about 1.78:1 to about 3:1, or about 1.8:1 to about 2.5:1, for example at least about 1.76:1, at least about 1.77:1, at least about 1.78:1, at least about 1.79:1, at least about 1.8:1, at least about 1.81, at least about 1.82, at least about 1.83, or at least about 1.84.

In one embodiment, the capsule shell comprises one or more of: gelatin in an amount of about 50% to about 70%; glycerol in an amount of about 5% to about 15%; sorbitol in an amount of about 15% to about 25%; and/or maltitol in an amount of about 3% to about 10%, by weight of the non-aqueous components. Such a capsule can further comprise about 2% to about 16% by weight of a solvent such as water.

In another embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in compositions of the present invention can be prepared using a gel mass comprising about 40% to about 50% gelatin, about 2% to about 12% glycerol, about 10% to about 20% sorbitol solution, about 2% to about 10% maltitol syrup, and about 20% to about 35% water, by weight. In one embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for us in a composition of the present invention can be prepared using a gel mass comprising about 45% gelatin by weight, about 7% glycerol by weight, about 17% sorbitol solution (e.g. 30% water) by weight, about 6% maltitol syrup (e.g. 15%-32% water) by weight, and about 25% water by weight. Capsules prepared from such a gel mass can be dried to about 2% to about 12% final moisture content. Capsules prepared by such a process that contain EPA (e.g. E-EPA), and methods of using the same in the treatment of cardiovascular-related diseases represent further embodiments of the invention. Capsule compositions as described herein can further comprise coatings, for example enteric polymer or wax coatings.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises a fatty acid component encapsulated in a capsule as described herein above. In one embodiment, such a capsule is coated with an amount of one or more HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (also referred to as statins). In one embodiment, the amount of statin is an amount sufficient to provide a daily dose of the statin to a subject when 1 to about 10 or 1 to about 4 capsules are administered to the subject per day. Non-limiting examples of statins include lovastatin, lovastatin+niacin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, atorvastatin+amlodipine besylate, simvastatin, simvistatin+niacin, and pravastatin, among others.

In one embodiment, a capsule shell suitable for use in compositions of the present invention can be coated with a coating comprising a statin. In another embodiment, the statin can be embedded in the capsule wall itself. Where the statin is coated on an exterior capsule wall, the coating may further comprise any conventional coating components, for example one or more film-formers or binders, such as a hydrophilic polymer like hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) and a hydrophobic polymer like ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl alcohol-maleic anhydride copolymers, acrylic copolymers, β-pinene polymers, glyceryl esters of wood resins and the like, and one or more plasticizers, such as polyethylene glycol, triethyl citrate, diethyl phthalate, propylene glycol, glycerin, butyl phthalate, castor oil and the like.

Any desired film formers can be applied from a solvent system containing one or more solvents including water, alcohols like methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, ketones like acetone, or ethylmethyl ketone, chlorinated hydrocarbons like methylene chloride, dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

In one embodiment, a capsule comprising a fatty acid component (e.g. ethyl eicosapentaenoate) may be coated with a coating comprising about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, about 900 mg, about 910 mg, about 920 mg, about 930 mg, about 940 mg, about 950 mg, about 960 mg, about 970 mg, about 980 mg, about 990 mg, or about 1000 mg of one or more statins.

In another embodiment, a statin may be embedded in a wall of a capsule comprising a fatty acid component (e.g. ethyl eicosapentaenoate), wherein the statin is embedded in an amount of about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg, about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg, about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg, about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, about 460 mg, about 470 mg, about 480 mg, about 490 mg, about 500 mg, about 510 mg, about 520 mg, about 530 mg, about 540 mg, about 550 mg, about 560 mg, about 570 mg, about 580 mg, about 590 mg, about 600 mg, about 610 mg, about 620 mg, about 630 mg, about 640 mg, about 650 mg, about 660 mg, about 670 mg, about 680 mg, about 690 mg, about 700 mg, about 710 mg, about 720 mg, about 730 mg, about 740 mg, about 750 mg, about 760 mg, about 770 mg, about 780 mg, about 790 mg, about 800 mg, about 810 mg, about 820 mg, about 830 mg, about 840 mg, about 850 mg, about 860 mg, about 870 mg, about 880 mg, about 890 mg, about 900 mg, about 910 mg, about 920 mg, about 930 mg, about 940 mg, about 950 mg, about 960 mg, about 970 mg, about 980 mg, about 990 mg, or about 1000 mg of one or more statins.

In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg (e.g., about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 450 mg to about 550 mg, or about 5000 mg) or about 1 g (e.g., about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, about 850 mg to about 150 mg, about 900 mg to about 1100 mg, about 950 mg to about 1050 mg, or about 1000 mg) of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a dosage unit comprising a capsule shell comprising a statin and a fill comprising at least about 90% or at least about 95%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the statin is present in a coating applied to the capsule shell. In some embodiments, the capsule shell comprises gelatin, such as a soft gelatin or a non-gelatin material such as HPMC or other polymer. In some embodiments, the dosage unit is prepared by applying the coating including the statin as a spray. In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises no more than about 4%, by weight of all fatty acids present, docosahexaenoate or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises no more than about 1%, by weight of all fatty acids present, of any single fatty acid other than ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the statin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg. In some embodiments, the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1600 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the statin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg and the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the statin is selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin. In some embodiments, the composition has a peroxide value not greater than 8 meq/kg upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period of 6 months.

In some embodiments, the statin is present as a component of the capsule contents, for example as a solid dosage unit (e.g., tablet, pill, capsule, powder, bead, microbead, crystal, paste, or any other suitable solid or semisolid form) mixed with the fatty acid component (e.g. ethyl eicosapentaenoate), surrounded by the fatty acid component, or suspended in the fatty acid component. In some embodiments, the statin is a tablet suspended in the fatty acid component (e.g. ethyl eicosapentaenoate) inside a capsule shell. In some embodiments, the statin is a pill suspended in ethyl eicosapentaenoate inside a capsule shell.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a dosage unit comprising a capsule shell and a fill comprising a statin and at least about 95%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the capsule shell comprises gelatin, such as a soft gelatin. In some embodiments, the statin is suspended in the ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the statin is in the form of a solid dosage unit, such as a tablet. In some embodiments, the ethyl eicosapentaenoate represents at least about 96%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises no more than about 4%, by weight of all fatty acids present, docosahexaenoate or ester thereof. In some embodiments, the dosage unit comprises no more than about 1%, by weight of all fatty acids present, of any single fatty acid other than ethyl eicosapentaenoate. In some embodiments, the statin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg. In some embodiments, the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg, about 400 mg to about 600 mg, about 800 mg to about 1200 mg, or about 1600 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the statin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg and the ethyl eicosapentaenoate is present in an amount of about 400 mg to about 2400 mg. In some embodiments, the statin is selected from the group consisting of lovastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, mevastatin, pitavastatin, and pravastatin. In some embodiments, the composition has a peroxide value not greater than 8 meq/kg upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period of 6 months.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of atorvastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of atorvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the amount of statin coated on or embedded in the capsule shell comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of atorvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of atorvastatin.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of fluvastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of fluvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of fluvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of fluvastatin.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of lovastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of lovastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of lovastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of lovastatin.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of pravastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of pravastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of pravastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of pravastatin.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of rosuvastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of rosuvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of rosuvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of rosuvastatin.

In some embodiments, the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg to about 80 mg of simvastatin, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, about 30 mg, about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about 36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg, about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about 47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg, about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about 58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg, about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about 69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg, about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, or about 80 mg of simvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 500 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of simvastatin. In some embodiments, the capsule comprises about 1 g of ethyl eicosapentaenoate and the capsule coating or amount of statin embedded in the capsule wall comprises about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 11 mg, about 12 mg, about 13 mg, about 14 mg, about 15 mg, about 16 mg, about 17 mg, about 18 mg, about 19 mg, about 20 mg, about 21 mg, about 22 mg, about 23 mg, about 24 mg, about 25 mg, about 26 mg, about 27 mg, about 28 mg, about 29 mg, or about 30 mg of simvastatin.

In some embodiments, a dosage unit as described herein further comprises an additional agent selected from the group consisting of: niacin, amlodipine besylate, and ezetimibe. For example, a capsule as described herein comprises about 50 mg to about 5000 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins and about 1 mg to about 50 mg of ezetimibe. In one embodiment, the ezetimibe is a component of a coating on the capsule shell or embedded in the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the ezetimibe is a component of a fill present in the capsule shell (e.g., mixed with the ethyl eicosapentaenoate). In one embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a coating on the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a solid form (e.g., a tablet) surrounded by the capsule shell.

In another embodiment, a capsule as described herein comprises about 50 mg to about 5000 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins and about 1 mg to about 50 mg of niacin. In one embodiment, the niacin is a component of a coating on the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the niacin is a component of the fill material inside the capsule shell (e.g., mixed with the ethyl eicosapentaenoate). In one embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a coating on the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a solid form (e.g., a tablet) inside the capsule shell.

In another embodiment, a capsule as described herein comprises about 50 mg to about 5000 mg of ethyl eicosapentaenoate, about 1 mg to about 1000 mg of one or more statins and about 1 mg to about 50 mg of amlodipine besylate. In one embodiment, the amlodipine besylate is a component of a coating on the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the amlodipine besylate is a component of the fill material inside the capsule shell (e.g., mixed with the ethyl eicosapentaenoate). In one embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a coating on the capsule shell. In another embodiment, the one or more statins are present as a solid form (e.g., a tablet) inside the capsule shell.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a capsule comprising a statin present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg and about 800 mg to about 1200 mg of a composition comprising at least about 95%, by weight of all fatty acids present, ethyl eicosapentaenoate, wherein the statin is suspended in the composition, is present in a coating on an exterior surface of the capsule wall, or is embedded in the capsule wall. In some embodiments, the statin is suspended in the composition. In some embodiments, the statin is in the form of a solid dosage unit. In some embodiments, the statin is in the form of a tablet. In some embodiments, the statin is present in a coating on an exterior surface of the capsule. In some embodiments, the coating is applied to the exterior surface of the capsule by spray-coating.

In various embodiments, the invention provides a fatty acid component comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a pharmaceutical capsule shell. In one embodiment, the capsule shell resists, hinders, attenuates, or prevents oxidation of the fatty acid or fatty acid derivative. In another embodiment, the capsule shell resists, hinders, attenuates, or prevents oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acid or derivative to a greater extent than a standard type IIa gelatin capsule. In another embodiment, the capsule contains no chemically modified gelatin, for example succinated, succinylated, pthalated, carbanylated and/or phenol carbanylated gelatin.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fatty acid component comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the ultra-pure EPA has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11-meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

The “baseline peroxide value” and “second peroxide values” can be measured in any suitable manner, for example by using a U.S. or PhEur or JP compendial method. Typically, a plurality of encapsulated EPA compositions are provided, each composition containing EPA having been encapsulated at substantially the same time. A first sampling of 1 or more capsules from the plurality is provided, the capsules are opened and peroxide value of the EPA is measured substantially immediately thereafter, providing an average baseline peroxide value. At substantially the same time, a second sampling of 1 or more capsules from the plurality are provided and are placed under desired storage conditions for a desired time period. At the end of the desired time period, the capsules are opened and peroxide value of the EPA is measured substantially immediately thereafter, providing an average second peroxide value. The baseline and second peroxide values can then be compared. In one embodiment, the “baseline peroxide value” and “second peroxide value” are determined using a plurality of encapsulated EPA dosage units wherein each dosage unit was encapsulated (i.e. the EPA filled and sealed into capsules) within a same 60 day period, same 30 day period, a same 20 day period, a same 10 day period, a same 5 day period or a same 1 day period.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 Meq/k meq/kg g, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell as described herein and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) encapsulated in a capsule shell and having a baseline peroxide value not greater than about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of not less than 1.75:1 and wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition has a second peroxide value not greater than about 25 meq/kg, about 24 meq/kg, about 23 meq/kg, about 22 meq/kg, about 21 meq/kg, about 20 meq/kg, about 19 meq/kg, about 18 meq/kg, about 17 meq/kg, about 16 meq/kg, about 15 meq/kg, about 14 meq/kg, about 13 meq/kg, about 12 meq/kg, about 11 meq/kg, about 10 meq/kg, about 9 meq/kg, about 8 meq/kg, about 7 meq/kg, about 6 meq/kg, about 5 meq/kg, about 4 meq/kg, about 3 meq/kg or about 2 meq/kg.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount (i.e. initial amount) of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9% or substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount (i.e. initial amount) of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9% or substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.9%, substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9%, substantially all or 100% of the labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, by weight.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product. The term “degradation product” in the present context means “an impurity resulting from a chemical change in the composition brought about during manufacture and/or storage of the composition by the effect of, for example, light, temperature, pH, water or by reaction with an excipient and/or the immediate container closure system.” The term “specified degradation product in the present context means “a degradation product, either identified or unidentified, that is individually listed and limited with a specific acceptance criterion in the product specification” for a particular product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material, a hygroscopic plasticizer and a non-hygroscopic plasticizer and upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 23° C. and 50% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, the composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated EPA (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 25° C. and 60% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 30° C. and 65% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising encapsulated (e.g. E-EPA) containing a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA, wherein the capsule comprises a film-forming material and a plasticizer in a weight ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 10:1 and upon storage of the composition at 40° C. and 75% RH for a period about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23 or about 24 months, said composition contains not more than about 0.5% (by weight of the labeled EPA or E-EPA), not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.15%, not more than about 0.125%, not more than about 0.1%, not more than about 0.075%, not more than about 0.05% or substantially no degradation product and/or specified degradation product.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising about 0.5 g to about 1.5 g of EPA (e.g. E-EPA) having a labeled amount of EPA or E-EPA encapsulated in a pharmaceutical capsule, wherein upon storage at 15° C. to 30° C. for a period of about 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, or 36 months, at least about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, about 99.6%, about 99.7%, about 99.8%, about 99.9% or substantially all of the labeled amount of EPA is still present in the composition. In a related embodiment, the composition has not reached its labeled expiration date during said storage period.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention provides a relatively rapid dissolution profile yet still maintains excellent stability of the encapsulated material (e.g. EPA). In a related embodiment, a composition of the invention has a dissolution profile (as measured by Rotating Dialysis Cell Dissolution (RDC) Apparatus under the conditions set forth herein below) of one or more of the following: (1) at least about 20%, at least about 23% or at least about 25% of E-EPA is dissolved by 10 minutes; (2) at least about 45%, at least about 50% or at least about 55% of E-EPA is dissolved by 30 minutes; (3) at least about 80%, at least about 82%, at least about 85% or at least about 87% of E-EPA is dissolved by 60 minutes; and/or (4) at least about 95%, at least about 97% or 100% of E-EPA is dissolved by 100 minutes. In a related embodiment, the fill material still retains the stability/peroxide values as set forth throughout this specification.

In another embodiment, a composition of the invention provides a relatively short T_(max) yet still maintains excellent stability of the encapsulated material (e.g. EPA). In a related embodiment, a composition of the invention, upon administration to a subject, exhibits an EPA T_(max) less than 6 hours, less than 5.8 hours, less than 5.6 hours, less than 5.4 hours or less than 5.2 hours, for example about 4.8 to about 5.2 hours. In a related embodiment, the fill material still retains the stability/peroxide values as set forth throughout this specification.

In one embodiment, a method for treatment and/or prevention of a cardiovascular-related disease using a composition as described herein is provided. The term “cardiovascular-related disease” herein refers to any disease or disorder of the heart or blood vessels (i.e. arteries and veins) or any symptom thereof. The term “cardiovascular-related disease” herein refers to any disease or disorder of the heart or blood vessels (i.e. arteries and veins) or any symptom thereof, or any disease or condition that causes or contributes to a cardiovascular disease. Non-limiting examples of cardiovascular-related diseases include acute cardiac ischemic events, acute myocardial infarction, angina, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, atrial fibrulation, atherosclerosis, arterial fibrillation, cardiac insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, chronic heart failure, chronic stable angina, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, diabetes, diabetes mellitus, diabetic neuropathy, diastolic dysfunction in subjects with diabetes mellitus, edema, essential hypertension, eventual pulmonary embolism, fatty liver disease, heart disease, heart failure, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), homozygous familial sitosterolemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipidemia in HIV positive subjects, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, ischemic complications in unstable angina and myocardial infarction, low blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, mixed dyslipidemia, moderate to mild heart failure, myocardial infarction, obesity management, paroxysmal atrial/arterial fibrillation/fibrulation/flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (PSVT), particularly severe or rapid onset edema, platelet aggregation, primary hypercholesterolemia, primary hyperlipidemia, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, recurrent hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (VT), recurrent ventricular arrhythmias, recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF), ruptured aneurysm, sitisterolemia, stroke, supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic atrial fibrillation/flutter, tachycardia, type-II diabetes, vascular disease, venous thromboembolism, ventricular arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular events.

The term “treatment” in relation a given disease or disorder, includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the disease or disorder, for example, arresting the development of the disease or disorder; relieving the disease or disorder, for example, causing regression of the disease or disorder; or relieving a condition caused by or resulting from the disease or disorder, for example, relieving, preventing or treating symptoms of the disease or disorder. The term “prevention” in relation to a given disease or disorder means: preventing the onset of disease development if none had occurred, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject that may be predisposed to the disorder or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disorder or disease, and/or preventing further disease/disorder development if already present.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of blood lipid therapy comprising administering to a subject or subject group in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group has hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, mixed dyslipidemia and/or very high triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated has a baseline triglyceride level (or median baseline triglyceride level in the case of a subject group), fed or fasting, of at least about 300 mg/dl, at least about 400 mg/dl, at least about 500 mg/dl, at least about 600 mg/dl, at least about 700 mg/dl, at least about 800 mg/dl, at least about 900 mg/dl, at least about 1000 mg/dl, at least about 1100 mg/dl, at least about 1200 mg/dl, at least about 1300 mg/dl, at least about 1400 mg/dl, or at least about 1500 mg/dl, for example about 400 mg/dl to about 2500 mg/dl, about 450 mg/dl to about 2000 mg/dl or about 500 mg/dl to about 1500 mg/dl.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention has previously been treated with Lovaza® and has experienced an increase in, or no decrease in, LDL-C levels and/or non-HDL-C levels. In one such embodiment, Lovaza® therapy is discontinued and replaced by a method of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of free EPA (or mean thereof in the case of a subject group) not greater than about 0.70 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.65 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.60 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.55 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.50 nmol/ml, not greater than about 0.45 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 0.40 nmol/ml. In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a baseline fasting plasma level (or mean thereof) of free EPA, expressed as a percentage of total free fatty acid, of not more than about 3%, not more than about 2.5%, not more than about 2%, not more than about 1.5%, not more than about 1%, not more than about 0.75%, not more than about 0.5%, not more than about 0.25%, not more than about 0.2% or not more than about 0.15%. In one such embodiment, free plasma EPA and/or total fatty acid levels are determined prior to initiating therapy.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline absolute plasma level of total fatty acid (or mean thereof) not greater than about 250 nmol/ml, not greater than about 200 nmol/ml, not greater than about 150 nmol/ml, not greater than about 100 nmol/ml, or not greater than about 50 nmol/ml.

In another embodiment, the subject or subject group being treated in accordance with methods of the invention exhibits a fasting baseline plasma, serum or red blood cell membrane EPA level not greater than about 70 □g/ml, not greater than about 60 μg/ml, not greater than about 50 μg/ml, not greater than about 40 μg/ml, not greater than about 30 μg/ml, or not greater than about 25 μg/ml.

In another embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise a step of measuring the subject's (or subject group's mean) baseline lipid profile prior to initiating therapy. In another embodiment, methods of the invention comprise the step of identifying a subject or subject group having one or more of the following: baseline non-HDL-C value of about 200 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 210 mg/dl, at least about 220 mg/dl, at least about 230 mg/dl, at least about 240 mg/dl, at least about 250 mg/dl, at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl, at least about 290 mg/dl, or at least about 300 mg/dl; baseline total cholesterol value of about 250 mg/dl to about 400 mg/dl, for example at least about 260 mg/dl, at least about 270 mg/dl, at least about 280 mg/dl or at least about 290 mg/dl; baseline vLDL-C value of about 140 mg/dl to about 200 mg/dl, for example at least about 150 mg/dl, at least about 160 mg/dl, at least about 170 mg/dl, at least about 180 mg/dl or at least about 190 mg/dl; baseline HDL-C value of about 10 to about 60 mg/dl, for example not more than about 40 mg/dl, not more than about 35 mg/dl, not more than about 30 mg/dl, not more than about 25 mg/dl, not more than about 20 mg/dl, or not more than about 15 mg/dl; and/or baseline LDL-C value of about 50 to about 300 mg/dl, for example not less than about 100 mg/dl, not less than about 90 mg/dl, not less than about 80 mg/dl, not less than about 70 mg/dl, not less than about 60 mg/dl or not less than about 50 mg/dl.

In one embodiment, compositions of the invention are packaged in blister packs. In another embodiment, the blister packs comprise PCTFE (for example 50 um laminated with water based adhesive to clear PVC (for example 190 um which are heat sealed to aluminum foil).

In a related embodiment, upon treatment in accordance with the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) reduced triglyceride levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(b) reduced Apo B levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(c) increased HDL-C levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(d) no increase in LDL-C levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(e) a reduction in LDL-C levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(f) a reduction in non-HDL-C levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(g) a reduction in vLDL levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(h) an increase in apo A-I levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(i) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(j) a reduction in lipoprotein A levels compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(k) a reduction in LDL particle number compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(l) an increase in mean LDL size compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(m) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(n) a reduction in oxidized LDL compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(o) no change or a reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(p) a reduction in hemoglobin A_(1c) (HbA_(1c)) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(q) a reduction in homeostasis model insulin resistance compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(r) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(s) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(t) a reduction in interleukin-6 compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(u) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(v) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(w) an increase in serum phospholipid EPA compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(x) an increase in red blood cell membrane EPA compared to baseline or a placebo arm; and/or

(y) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), arachidonic acid (AA), palmitic acid (PA), staeridonic acid (SA) or oleic acid (OA) compared to baseline or a placebo arm.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(y) above prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(y) are determined, and subsequently taking an additional measurement of said one or more markers.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more of, any 24 or more of, or all 25 of outcomes (a)-(y) described immediately above.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, the subject or subject group exhibits one or more of the following outcomes:

(a) a reduction in triglyceride level of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(b) a less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in non-HDL-C levels or a reduction in non-HDL-C levels of at least about 1%, at least about 3%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(c) substantially no change, no change or an increase in HDL-C levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(d) a less than 60% increase, less than 50% increase, less than 40% increase, less than 30% increase, less than 20% increase, less than 10% increase, less than 5% increase or no increase in LDL-C levels or a reduction in LDL-C levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(e) a decrease in Apo B levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) as compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(f) a reduction in vLDL levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(g) an increase in apo A-I levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(h) an increase in apo A-I/apo B ratio of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(i) a reduction in lipoprotein(a) levels of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(j) a reduction in mean LDL particle number of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(k) an increase in mean LDL particle size of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(l) a reduction in remnant-like particle cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(m) a reduction in oxidized LDL of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(n) substantially no change, no change or a reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(o) substantially no change, no change or a reduction in hemoglobin A_(1c) (HbA_(1c)) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, or at least about 50% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(p) a reduction in homeostasis model index insulin resistance of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(q) a reduction in lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(r) a reduction in intracellular adhesion molecule-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(s) a reduction in interleukin-6 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(t) a reduction in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline;

(u) a reduction in high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 100% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(v) an increase in serum, plasma and/or RBC EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200% or at least about 400% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(w) an increase in serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell membrane EPA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, r at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, or at least about 400% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm;

(x) a reduction or increase in one or more of serum phospholipid and/or red blood cell DHA, DPA, AA, PA and/or OA of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm; and/or

(y) a reduction in total cholesterol of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55% or at least about 75% (actual % change or median % change) compared to baseline or a placebo arm.

In one embodiment, methods of the present invention comprise measuring baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(y) prior to dosing the subject or subject group. In another embodiment, the methods comprise administering a composition as disclosed herein to the subject after baseline levels of one or more markers set forth in (a)-(y) are determined, and subsequently taking a second measurement of the one or more markers as measured at baseline for comparison thereto.

In another embodiment, upon treatment with a composition of the present invention, for example over a period of about 1 to about 200 weeks, about 1 to about 100 weeks, about 1 to about 80 weeks, about 1 to about 50 weeks, about 1 to about 40 weeks, about 1 to about 20 weeks, about 1 to about 15 weeks, about 1 to about 12 weeks, about 1 to about 10 weeks, about 1 to about 5 weeks, about 1 to about 2 weeks or about 1 week, the subject or subject group exhibits any 2 or more of, any 3 or more of, any 4 or more of, any 5 or more of, any 6 or more of, any 7 or more of, any 8 or more of, any 9 or more of, any 10 or more of, any 11 or more of, any 12 or more of, any 13 or more of, any 14 or more of, any 15 or more of, any 16 or more of, any 17 or more of, any 18 or more of, any 19 or more of, any 20 or more of, any 21 or more of, any 22 or more of, any 23 or more of, any 24 or more of, or all 25 of outcomes (a)-(y) described immediately above.

Parameters (a)-(y) can be measured in accordance with any clinically acceptable methodology. For example, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C and fasting blood sugar can be sample from serum and analyzed using standard photometry techniques. VLDL-TG, LDL-C and VLDL-C can be calculated or determined using serum lipoprotein fractionation by preparative ultracentrifugation and subsequent quantitative analysis by refractometry or by analytic ultracentrifugal methodology. Apo A1, Apo B and hsCRP can be determined from serum using standard nephelometry techniques. Lipoprotein (a) can be determined from serum using standard turbidimetric immunoassay techniques. LDL particle number and particle size can be determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Remnants lipoproteins and LDL-phospholipase A2 can be determined from EDTA plasma or serum and serum, respectively, using enzymatic immunoseparation techniques. Oxidized LDL, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and interleukin-2 levels can be determined from serum using standard enzyme immunoassay techniques. These techniques are described in detail in standard textbooks, for example Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 6^(th) Ed. (Burtis, Ashwood and Borter Eds.), WB Saunders Company.

In one embodiment, subjects fast for up to 12 hours prior to blood sample collection, for example about 10 hours.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing primary hypercholesterolemia and/or mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein. In a related embodiment, the present invention provides a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject or subjects when treatment with a statin or niacin extended-release monotherapy is considered inadequate (Frederickson type IV hyperlipidemia).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing risk of recurrent nonfatal myocardial infarction in a patient with a history of myocardial infarction, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of slowing progression of or promoting regression of atherosclerotic disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one or more compositions as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g. Types IV and V hyperlipidemia) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating subjects having very high serum triglyceride levels (e.g. greater than 1000 mg/dl or greater than 2000 mg/dl) and that are at risk of developing pancreatitis, comprising administering to the patient one or more compositions as disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention is administered to a subject in an amount sufficient to provide a daily dose of EPA of about 1 mg to about 10,000 mg, 25 about 5000 mg, about 50 to about 3000 mg, about 75 mg to about 2500 mg, or about 100 mg to about 1000 mg, for example about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, about 9 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about 65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 275 mg, about 300 mg, about 325 mg, about 350 mg, about 375 mg, about 400 mg, about 425 mg, about 450 mg, about 475 mg, about 500 mg, about 525 mg, about 550 mg, about 575 mg, about 600 mg, about 625 mg, about 650 mg, about 675 mg, about 700 mg, about 725 mg, about 750 mg, about 775 mg, about 800 mg, about 825 mg, about 850 mg, about 875 mg, about 900 mg, about 925 mg, about 950 mg, about 975 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1100 mg, about 1025 mg, about 1050 mg, about 1075 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1225 mg, about 1250 mg, about 1275 mg, about 1300 mg, about 1325 mg, about 1350 mg, about 1375 mg, about 1400 mg, about 1425 mg, about 1450 mg, about 1475 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1525 mg, about 1550 mg, about 1575 mg, about 1600 mg, about 1625 mg, about 1650 mg, about 1675 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1725 mg, about 1750 mg, about 1775 mg, about 1800 mg, about 1825 mg, about 1850 mg, about 1875 mg, about 1900 mg, about 1925 mg, about 1950 mg, about 1975 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2025 mg, about 2050 mg, about 2075 mg, about 2100 mg, about 2125 mg, about 2150 mg, about 2175 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2225 mg, about 2250 mg, about 2275 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2325 mg, about 2350 mg, about 2375 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2425 mg, about 2450 mg, about 2475 mg or about 2500 mg, about 2525 mg, about 2550 mg, about 2575 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2625 mg, about 2650 mg, about 2675 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2725 mg, about 2750 mg, about 2775 mg, about 2800 mg, about 2825 mg, about 2850 mg, about 2875 mg, about 2900 mg, about 2925 mg, about 2950 mg, about 2975 mg, about 3000 mg, about 3025 mg, about 3050 mg, about 3075 mg, about 3100 mg, about 3125 mg, about 3150 mg, about 3175 mg, about 3200 mg, about 3225 mg, about 3250 mg, about 3275 mg, about 3300 mg, about 3325 mg, about 3350 mg, about 3375 mg, about 3400 mg, about 3425 mg, about 3450 mg, about 3475 mg, about 3500 mg, about 3525 mg, about 3550 mg, about 3575 mg, about 3600 mg, about 3625 mg, about 3650 mg, about 3675 mg, about 3700 mg, about 3725 mg, about 3750 mg, about 3775 mg, about 3800 mg, about 3825 mg, about 3850 mg, about 3875 mg, about 3900 mg, about 3925 mg, about 3950 mg, about 3975 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4025 mg, about 4050 mg, about 4075 mg, about 4100 mg, about 4125 mg, about 4150 mg, about 4175 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4225 mg, about 4250 mg, about 4275 mg, about 4300 mg, about 4325 mg, about 4350 mg, about 4375 mg, about 4400 mg, about 4425 mg, about 4450 mg, about 4475 mg, about 4500 mg, about 4525 mg, about 4550 mg, about 4575 mg, about 4600 mg, about 4625 mg, about 4650 mg, about 4675 mg, about 4700 mg, about 4725 mg, about 4750 mg, about 4775 mg, about 4800 mg, about 4825 mg, about 4850 mg, about 4875 mg, about 4900 mg, about 4925 mg, about 4950 mg, about 4975 mg, about 5000 mg, about 5025 mg, about 5050 mg, about 5075 mg, about 5100 mg, about 5125 mg, about 5150 mg, about 5175 mg, about 5200 mg, about 5225 mg, about 5250 mg, about 5275 mg, about 5300 mg, about 5325 mg, about 5350 mg, about 5375 mg, about 5400 mg, about 5425 mg, about 5450 mg, about 5475 mg, about 5500 mg, about 5525 mg, about 5550 mg, about 5575 mg, about 5600 mg, about 5625 mg, about 5650 mg, about 5675 mg, about 5700 mg, about 5725 mg, about 5750 mg, about 5775 mg, about 5800 mg, about 5825 mg, about 5850 mg, about 5875 mg, about 5900 mg, about 5925 mg, about 5950 mg, about 5975 mg, about 6000 mg, about 6025 mg, about 6050 mg, about 6075 mg, about 6100 mg, about 6125 mg, about 6150 mg, about 6175 mg, about 6200 mg, about 6225 mg, about 6250 mg, about 6275 mg, about 6300 mg, about 6325 mg, about 6350 mg, about 6375 mg, about 6400 mg, about 6425 mg, about 6450 mg, about 6475 mg, about 6500 mg, about 6525 mg, about 6550 mg, about 6575 mg, about 6600 mg, about 6625 mg, about 6650 mg, about 6675 mg, about 6700 mg, about 6725 mg, about 6750 mg, about 6775 mg, about 6800 mg, about 6825 mg, about 6850 mg, about 6875 mg, about 6900 mg, about 6925 mg, about 6950 mg, about 6975 mg, about 7000 mg, about 7025 mg, about 7050 mg, about 7075 mg, about 7100 mg, about 7125 mg, about 7150 mg, about 7175 mg, about 7200 mg, about 7225 mg, about 7250 mg, about 7275 mg, about 7300 mg, about 7325 mg, about 7350 mg, about 7375 mg, about 7400 mg, about 7425 mg, about 7450 mg, about 7475 mg, about 7500 mg, about 7525 mg, about 7550 mg, about 7575 mg, about 7600 mg, about 7625 mg, about 7650 mg, about 7675 mg, about 7700 mg, about 7725 mg, about 7750 mg, about 7775 mg, about 7800 mg, about 7825 mg, about 7850 mg, about 7875 mg, about 7900 mg, about 7925 mg, about 7950 mg, about 7975 mg, about 8000 mg, about 8025 mg, about 8050 mg, about 8075 mg, about 8100 mg, about 8125 mg, about 8150 mg, about 8175 mg, about 8200 mg, about 8225 mg, about 8250 mg, about 8275 mg, about 8300 mg, about 8325 mg, about 8350 mg, about 8375 mg, about 8400 mg, about 8425 mg, about 8450 mg, about 8475 mg, about 8500 mg, about 8525 mg, about 8550 mg, about 8575 mg, about 8600 mg, about 8625 mg, about 8650 mg, about 8675 mg, about 8700 mg, about 8725 mg, about 8750 mg, about 8775 mg, about 8800 mg, about 8825 mg, about 8850 mg, about 8875 mg, about 8900 mg, about 8925 mg, about 8950 mg, about 8975 mg, about 9000 mg, about 9025 mg, about 9050 mg, about 9075 mg, about 9100 mg, about 9125 mg, about 9150 mg, about 9175 mg, about 9200 mg, about 9225 mg, about 9250 mg, about 9275 mg, about 9300 mg, about 9325 mg, about 9350 mg, about 9375 mg, about 9400 mg, about 9425 mg, about 9450 mg, about 9475 mg, about 9500 mg, about 9525 mg, about 9550 mg, about 9575 mg, about 9600 mg, about 9625 mg, about 9650 mg, about 9675 mg, about 9700 mg, about 9725 mg, about 9750 mg, about 9775 mg, about 9800 mg, about 9825 mg, about 9850 mg, about 9875 mg, about 9900 mg, about 9925 mg, about 9950 mg, about 9975 mg, or about 10,000 mg.

In another embodiment, any of the methods disclosed herein are used in treatment or prevention of a subject or subjects that consume a traditional Western diet. In one embodiment, the methods of the invention include a step of identifying a subject as a Western diet consumer or prudent diet consumer and then treating the subject if the subject is deemed a Western diet consumer. The term “Western diet” herein refers generally to a typical diet consisting of, by percentage of total calories, about 45% to about 50% carbohydrate, about 35% to about 40% fat, and about 10% to about 15% protein. A Western diet may alternately or additionally be characterized by relatively high intakes of red and processed meats, sweets, refined grains, and desserts, for example more than 50%, more than 60% or more or 70% of total calories come from these sources.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any manner.

Example 1

A clinical trial was performed to assess relative bioavailability of total plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) when taken for 14 consecutive days between the following treatment groups:

AMR102 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d+rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg/d) capsules (administered as two AMR102 capsules each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening), vs.

AMR101 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d) capsules with concomitant Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets 20 mg/d (administered as two AMR101 capsules with one Crestor® tablet each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening)

and

Assess relative bioavailability of plasma rosuvastatin when taken for 14 consecutive days between the following treatment groups:

AMR102 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d+rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg/d) capsules (administered as two AMR102 capsules each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening), vs.

AMR101 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d) capsules with concomitant Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets 20 mg/d (administered as two AMR101 capsules with one Crestor® tablet each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening)

and

AMR101 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d) capsules with concomitant Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets 20 mg/d (administered as two AMR101 capsules with one Crestor® tablet each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening), vs.

Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets 20 mg/d;

and

AMR102 (icosapent ethyl 4 g/d+rosuvastatin calcium 20 mg/d) capsules (administered as two AMR102 capsules each morning, and two AMR101 capsules each evening), vs.

Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) tablets 20 mg/d (administered as one Crestor® tablet each evening).

The population for this study was limited to healthy non-smoking men of non-Asian descent >18 and <55 years of age with a body mass index >18 and <30 kg/m2, and in good health as determined by medical history, medical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG). Subjects were to be without clinically-significant (at discretion of Investigator) serum biochemistry, hematology, and urinalysis results. Subjects were provided written informed consent to participate in the study and were required to comply with the protocol and the study procedures.

Eligible subjects were not to have received any lipid-altering therapy (statins, niacin, fibrates, fish oil, products containing omega-3 fatty acids, other herbal products or dietary supplements with potential lipid altering effects), for at least 6 weeks prior to randomization until after the last pharmacokinetic (PK) sample collection (other than the study medication provided). A total of 48 subjects (16 in each of 3 treatment groups) were entered into the study.

The study consisted of three periods, a screening period (<28 days), and a total of 14 days of dosing followed by 1 day for PK blood sample collection. AMR102 was provided as liquid-filled, oblong, soft gelatin capsules each containing icosapent ethyl 1 g, coated with rosuvastatin calcium 10 mg. AMR101 was provided as liquid-filled, oblong, soft gelatin capsules each containing icosapent ethyl 1 g. Crestor® (rosuvastatin calcium) was provided as 20 mg tablets.

Eligible subjects were randomly assigned (1:1) to one of 3 treatment groups on Day 1 to orally receive:

Group 1 (BID dosing regimen)

Two AMR102 capsules each morning (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules, each coated with rosuvastatin calcium 10 mg), and

Two AMR101 capsules each evening (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules), or

Group 2 (BID dosing regimen)

Two AMR101 capsules each morning (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules), with 1 concomitant Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) 20 mg tablet, and

Two AMR101 capsules each evening (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules) or

Group 3 (QD dosing regimen)

One Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) 20 mg tablet each morning.

All subjects received study medication as listed above for 13 consecutive days. All study medication was to be taken with food (i.e., with or at the end of a meal). Subjects received their morning doses of study medications in the Research Unit on Day 1 (Visit 2) and Day 14 (final day of dosing) as follows:

Group 1: Two AMR102 capsules (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules, each coated with rosuvastatin calcium 10 mg),

or

Group 2: Two AMR101 capsules (icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules) with one concomitant Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) 20 mg tablet

or

Group 3: One Crestor (rosuvastatin calcium) 20 mg tablet

Standardized meals and dosing regimens were employed for all subjects on Days 1 and 14. On Day 14, study subjects were to eat this meal in 30 minutes or less; however, the drug product was to be administered 30 minutes (+/−5 minutes) after start of the meal with 8 oz (240 mL) of water.

Safety assessments were made before treatment, during interim phone contacts, at end of treatment Visit 3, and during the post-treatment PK sampling period. Safety assessments include adverse events, clinical laboratory measurements (chemistry, hematology, and urinalysis), 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs), vital signs, and physical examinations.

Venous blood samples (10 mL) for the determination of total EPA and rosuvastatin concentrations in plasma were obtained at the following days and times:

Prior to the morning dose on Day 1 (0 hour, pretreatment baseline)

Prior to the morning dose on Day 14 (0 hour, pre-dose trough before the last dose) and again at the following times after the last dose: 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours.

The concentration of total EPA in plasma samples, and the concentration of rosuvastatin in plasma samples were measured at an analytical laboratory (or laboratories) selected by the Sponsor. Each plasma sample for PK assessment was to be processed at the site (according to directions from the sponsor) to produce 2 aliquots that will be frozen (−70° C.) before shipping: plasma for total EPA, and plasma for rosuvastatin determination.

GLP-validated bioanalytical methods utilizing LC/MS/MS were used to measure total EPA in plasma, and rosuvastatin concentration in plasma. Results from these assays were used in the PK calculations.

As EPA is an endogenous compound, all pharmacokinetic parameters for EPA endpoints were calculated with baseline-subtracted concentrations (pretreatment baseline value subtracted) for total EPA in plasma. No adjustment of rosuvastatin concentrations was needed. All PK parameters were calculated according to a non-compartmental analysis with a validated computer installation of the WinNonlin software (Pharsight Corporation). For the pharmacokinetic evaluation of EPA exposure, the primary endpoints for the assessment of relative bioavailability were based upon the baseline-subtracted EPA concentration data. No such adjustments were needed for any of rosuvastatin PK parameters.

Primary PK Endpoints for total plasma EPA and plasma rosuvastatin follow:

Total Plasma EPA:

AUC_(0-tau) was calculated as AUC_(0-12 hr), the area under the total plasma EPA concentration versus time curve over 12 hours following morning dose administration on Day 14 (presumably at steady state). C_(max), calculated as maximum total plasma EPA concentration observed following morning dose administration over 12 hours on Day 14.

Plasma Rosuvastatin:

AUC_(0-tau) was calculated as AUC_(0-24 hr), the area under the plasma rosuvastatin concentration versus time curve over 24 hours following morning dose administration on Day 14 (presumably at steady state). C_(max), calculated as maximum plasma rosuvastatin concentration observed after morning dose administration over 24 hours on Day 14.

All AUCs were calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule. Secondary PK Endpoints for total plasma EPA and plasma rosuvastatin follow:

AUC_(0-inf) and AUC_(0-tau) after the last dose on Day 14.

C_(max), T_(max), C_(min), t_(1/2), CL/F, and V_(z)/F after the last dose (Day 14).

C_(min) (pre-dose trough levels) on Days 14 and 15.

For plasma rosuvastatin, the apparent terminal elimination rate constant λ_(z) was to be obtained from the slope of the line, fitted by linear least squares regression, through the terminal points of the natural log of the concentration versus time plot of these points. The apparent terminal elimination half-life (t_(1/2)) was calculated from (log_(e) 2)/λ_(z), and t_(1/2) values will only be calculated if a log-linear terminal phase was identified.

The mean elimination half-life (t_(1/2)) for total plasma EPA with repeated dosing of twice-daily administration of 2 icosapent ethyl 1 g capsules (4 g/d total), has been previously reported as 89 hours. Accordingly, with a planned sampling period of 24 hours in the current study, the terminal elimination phase for total plasma EPA was not expected to be completely characterized and therefore λ_(z), t_(1/2), AUC_(0-inf) and V_(z)/F were not computed.

All baseline, demographic, concentration and safety data were listed and summarized by descriptive statistics by treatment group (n, mean, standard deviation, median, minimum, maximum, and inter-quartile range) or frequency counts.

Summary statistics were calculated for all PK parameters per treatment group. The means of the primary and secondary PK parameters were compared between the treatment groups by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Individual and mean (by treatment) concentration-time profiles were plotted. Trough plasma EPA and rosuvastatin levels (C_(min)) on Days 14 and 15 were compared across treatment groups. Comparisons for total plasma EPA and plasma rosuvastatin were made between the treatment groups. The primary comparison for PK similarity was based on AUC_(0-tau) and C_(max) on Day 14. ANOVA models were used for analyzing all AUC_(0-tau) and C_(max) parameters based on natural log-transformed values. This included treatment (AMR102, or icosapent ethyl with concomitant rosuvastatin, or rosuvastatin alone) as a fixed effect. Statistical comparisons of the log-transformed PK parameters AUC_(0-tau) and C_(max) were performed. Estimates of least-squares (LS) means for each treatment group, difference in LS means, and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) around the difference between the LS means were constructed in the logarithmic scale. The LS means, mean difference between treatments, and the corresponding 90% CIs will be transformed back into the original scale. Values for geometric mean ratios and lower and upper CI bounds will be expressed as a percent (test/reference) for the assessment of relative bioavailability.

A secondary endpoint includes the between-treatment comparison of Tmax for EPA and rosuvastatin using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Exploratory analyses were performed to assess relationships between the PK exposure parameters (AUC, C_(max), C_(min)) and potential covariates (demographic variables such as body weight, body mass index, age, and compliance). All statistical analyses for total EPA in plasma were performed with PK parameters based on baseline-subtracted concentrations (pretreatment baseline value subtracted). No adjustment of rosuvastatin concentrations was needed. A sample size of 48 subjects was selected (16 per treatment group) with the expectation that at least 45 subjects (15 per group) would complete the study.

-   All 48 male subjects (16/treatment group) completed the study -   Demographic and baseling characteristics appeared comparable across     groups -   No SAEs were reported -   AEs (all mild) were reported by 9 subjects:     -   2 in Group 1 (flatulence, infrequent bowel movements, urticaria)     -   1 in Group 2 (abdominal pain, hard feces, gastric hypomotility,         infrequent bowel movements)     -   6 in Group 3 (nausea [2], feeling jittery, headache [2],         lethargy, somnolence, anxiety, oropharyngeal pain) -   1 subject in Group 3 had significantly elevated ALT, AST, and CK on     Day 15 -   No other safety signals were detected from AE, clinical lab, vital     signs, ECG or physical exam data.     Group 1=AMR102 qAM; AMR101 qPM     Group 2=AMR101+Crestor (rosuvastatin) qAM; AMR101 qPM     Group 3=Crestor (rosuvastatin) qAM

Study demographics are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Study Demographics Demographic and Baseline Characteristics (n = 16/treatment group) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Parameter (AMR102) (AMR101_Crestor) (Crestor) Age mean (SD)  35.1 (9.5)   36.1 (11.3)  32.3 (8.1) Gender (% male) 100 100 100 Race (% white) 68.8 68.8 81.3 Ethnicity (% Hispanic) 56.3 37.5 50.0 Height (cm) mean (SD) 177.0 (5.7) 176.6 (6.9) 175.7 (6.6) Weight (kg) mean (SD)  84.8 (7.5)   81.9 (10.5)  77.2 (11.4) BMI (kg/m²) mean (SD)  27.0 (1.7)  26.2 (2.5)  24.9 (2.9) Group 1 = AMR102 qAM; AMR101 qPM Group 2 = AMR101 + Crestor qAM; AMR101 qPM Group 3 = Crestor qAM

PK results are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 PK Results Summary Total Plasma EPA Relative Bioavailability Results (preliminary) (n = 16/treatment group) Geometric Ratio (%) 90% CI of Parameter Tmt Grp LS Mean Comparison of means Ratio* AUC _(0-tau) ^((hr*μg/mL)) Group 1 1212.6 Grp 1/Grp 2 98.9 83.4-117.1 Group 2 1226.6 C_(max) ^((μg/mL)) Group 1 151.3 Grp 1/Grp 2 96.9 79.4-118.3 Group 2 156.1 C_(SS) ^((μg/mL)) Group 1 101.0 Grp 1/Grp 2 98.9 83.4-117.1 Group 2 102.2 Group 1 = AMR102 qAM; AMR101 qPM Group 2 = AMR101 + Crestor qAM; AMR101 qPM Group 3 = Crestor qAM Total Plasma EPA PK Results (preliminary Arithmetic Mean (SD), except Medians for Tmax (n = 16/treatment group) Group 1 Group 2 Parameter (AMR102) (AMR101 + Crestor) AUC _(0-tau) ^((hr*μg/mL)) 1258.5 (372.1) 1274.7 (361.8) AUC _(0-t) ^((hr*μg/mL)) 2175.7 (639.4) 2222.8 (622.4) C_(max) ^((μg/mL)) 163.3 (68.2) 161.0 (42.9) T_(max) ^((hr)) 5.28 5.00 C_(SS) ^((μg/mL)) 104.9 (31.0) 106.2 (30.2) C_(min1) ^((μg/mL))  90.3 (26.9)  90.3 (29.7) C_(min2) ^((μg/mL))  85.3 (25.7)  88.3 (25.4) CL/F _((L/hr))  1.71 (0.43)  1.70 (0.52) C_(SS) = AUC_(0-tau)/tau (12 hrs for EPA) C_(min1) = pre-dose Day 14 C_(min2) = 12 hours post-dose on Day 14 CL/F = total plasma clearance

Total Plasma Rosuvastatin PK Results (preliminary) Arithmetic Mean (SD), except Medians for Tmax (n = 16/treatment group) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Parameter (AMR102) (AMR101_Crestor) (Crestor) AUC _(0-tau) ^((hr*ng/mL)) 95.5 (52.9) 80.9 (36.0) 85.7 (46.7) AUC _(0-t) ^((hr*ng/mL)) 95.5 (52.9) 80.9 (36.0) 85.7 (46.7) C_(max) ^((ng/mL)) 10.28 (5.89)  8.27 (3.36) 9.38 (5.18) T_(max) ^((hr)) 4.5 4.5 4.5 C_(SS) ^((ng/mL)) 3.98 (2.20) 3.37 (1.50) 3.57 (1.94) C_(min1) ^((ng/mL)) 1.57 (1.06) 1.53 (1.07) 1.64 (1.22) C_(min2) ^((ng/mL)) 1.54 (0.79) 1.51 (0.86) 1.54 (0.95) CL/F _((L/hr)) 286.3 (171.6) 281.6 (90.4)  286.2 (112.9)

Day 14 mean total plasma EPA vs. time data are shown in FIG. 1 . Day 14 mean plasma rosuvastatin vs. time data are shown in FIG. 2 . Rosuvastatin summary AUC_(0-tau) and C_(max) results are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A dosage unit comprising: a capsule shell having a surface layer comprising rosuvastatin; and a fill comprising about 1 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or a derivative thereof, wherein: the fill comprises at least about 96%, by weight, of all fatty acids present in the fill, ethyl eicosapentaenoate and substantially no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or derivative thereof; and if the rosuvastatin is rosuvastatin calcium, a molar ratio of calcium ion and rosuvastatin calcium present in the dosage unit is 1:1.
 2. The dosage unit of claim 1, wherein the rosuvastatin is present in a coating on an exterior surface of the capsule shell.
 3. The dosage unit of claim 1, wherein the capsule shell comprises gelatin.
 4. The dosage unit of claim 1, wherein the rosuvastatin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg.
 5. The dosage unit of claim 1, wherein the rosuvastatin is rosuvastatin calcium, and a molar ratio of calcium ion and rosuvastatin calcium present in the dosage unit is 1:1.
 6. A method of treating or preventing a cardiovascular-related disease or disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a dosage unit comprising a capsule shell having a surface layer comprising rosuvastatin and a fill comprising about 1 g of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or a derivative thereof, wherein: the fill comprises at least about 96%, by weight, of all fatty acids present in the fill, ethyl eicosapentaenoate and substantially no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or derivative thereof; and if the rosuvastatin is rosuvastatin calcium, a molar ratio of calcium ion and rosuvastatin calcium present in the dosage unit is 1:1.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the rosuvastatin is present in an amount of about 1 mg to about 160 mg.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the rosuvastatin is rosuvastatin calcium, and a molar ratio of calcium ion and rosuvastatin calcium present in the dosage unit is 1:1. 